Subject index
Every key term set in bold in the lessons, with the lessons that teach it — use it like the index of a printed textbook.
#
- 1 Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- 1 : 1 Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- 100 % current efficiency Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- 18-electron rule Metal carbonyls and the 18-electron rule
- 1s orbital Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- 2 Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- 349 kJ/mol Ionic bonding: opposite charges together
- 3N − 6 (3N − 5 if linear) Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- 496 kJ/mol Ionic bonding: opposite charges together
- 6 β⁻ decays Radioactive decay
- 8 α decays Radioactive decay
- 96 486.33 C/mol Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
A
- A (eddy diffusion) Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- a double bond is one σ plus one π bond Hybrid orbitals
- A mean against a known value Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- A more reactive metal Extracting metals
- a triple bond is one σ plus two π bonds Hybrid orbitals
- a way of converting units that cannot go wrong Units and orders of magnitude
- ABAB… Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- ABCABC… Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- above Ellingham diagrams and metal extractionMaps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- above the band (too many protons) Nuclear stability and binding energy
- absolute Gas laws: where pressure comes fromEntropy: counting the waysPropagation of uncertainty
- absolute entropy Heat capacity of solids and third-law entropy
- absolute method Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- absorbance Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- absorbed Calorimetry: measuring heats of reactionThe spectrophotometer
- Absorption Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- Accuracy Uncertainty and significant figuresErrors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- acid error The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- Acidic oxides Oxygen and sulfur
- Across a period What makes an acid strong
- activities Activities and the salt effectThe Nernst equation: concentration and pH shift potentials
- activity coefficient Activities and the salt effect
- activity series Reactions in aqueous solution
- actual number Formulas and composition
- Add and subtract Uncertainty and significant figures
- adsorb Catalysts and materials
- adsorption Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- adsorption sites Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- affinity Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- After equivalence Redox titrations
- air ratio λ Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- alkaline (sodium) error The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- allowed Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- Always name the entity The mole: counting atoms by weighing
- always positive Bond enthalpies and fuels
- ambidentate Complexes and ligands
- ambiguous Uncertainty and significant figures
- amount Integrated rate laws and half-lives
- amphiprotic Proton transfer: acids, bases and pH
- amphoteric Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pairOxygen and sulfur
- Amphoteric hydroxides Complex ions and formation constants
- An excess of one reagent raises the conversion Equilibrium calculations: ICE tables
- anode Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentialsElectrolysis: driving reactions with electricity
- antibonding orbital Molecular-orbital theory
- apparent Density: an intensive property
- arachno Boranes and clusters: counting skeletal electrons
- area ratio Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- argon Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- arrest Binary phase diagrams
- associative, A Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- At equivalence Redox titrations
- ate Naming ions and compounds
- atomic number X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
- Atomic number Z Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- atomic orbital The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- Atomic radius Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- atomisation Hydrogen and the s-block
- atomisation enthalpies Bond enthalpies and fuels
- Aufbau (lowest energy first) Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- auxiliary ligand Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- average Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- average bond enthalpies Bond enthalpies and fuels
- Averaging Bond enthalpies and fuels
- Avogadro constant The mole: counting atoms by weighing
- Avogadro’s law Gas laws: where pressure comes from
- azeotrope Binary phase diagrams
B
- B–H Boranes and clusters: counting skeletal electrons
- B/u (longitudinal diffusion) Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- back titration Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- back-bonding Metal carbonyls and the 18-electron rule
- band gap Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- base peak Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- base units Units and orders of magnitude
- baseline The spectrophotometer
- baseline-separated Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- Basic oxides Oxygen and sulfur
- basis Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- Bayer process Extracting metals
- Becquerel (Bq) Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- Beer–Lambert law Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- before Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- Before equivalence Redox titrations
- below Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- below the band (too many neutrons) Nuclear stability and binding energy
- bends Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- benzoic acid Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- Beryllium and aluminium Hydrogen and the s-block
- BET equation Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- between Intermolecular forces
- Bidentate Complexes and ligands
- binding energy Nuclear stability and binding energy
- Bjerrum length Activities and the salt effect
- blank The spectrophotometerKjeldahl nitrogen: from nitrogen to protein
- blank titration Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- blue Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- body-centred cubic X-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- Bohr effect Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- boiling Vapour pressure and boiling
- boiling-point elevation Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- bomb calorimeter Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- bond dipole Bond polarity and electronegativity
- bond enthalpy Bond enthalpies and fuels
- bond order Covalent bonding: sharing a pairMolecular-orbital theory
- bonding orbital Molecular-orbital theory
- borderline Hard and soft acids and bases
- bottom of the meniscus Uncertainty and significant figures
- Boundaries Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- Boyle’s law Gas laws: where pressure comes from
- bracket the sample The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- Bravais lattices Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- break Binary phase diagrams
- bubble point Binary phase diagrams
- buffer Buffers: resisting pH change
- buffer capacity Buffers: resisting pH change
- Build the skeleton Lewis structures and formal charge
- Butler–Volmer equation Overpotential and electrode kinetics
- by its coefficient Limiting reagents and yield
C
- C (Change) Equilibrium calculations: ICE tables
- C–H Boranes and clusters: counting skeletal electrons
- C·u (mass transfer) Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- caesium chloride Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- calibrated Calorimetry: measuring heats of reactionVolumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- calibrated with buffers The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- Calibration Half-life and radiometric dating
- calibration curve Calibration curves and detection limits
- calomel Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- calorimeter constant Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- calorimetry Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- Cancel Reactions in aqueous solution
- capacity Batteries: chemistry that stores charge
- capillary column Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- capillary condensation Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- capillary electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis
- Carbon or carbon monoxide Extracting metals
- carrier gas Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- Catalyst Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respondReaction mechanismsOverpotential and electrode kinetics
- Catalytic converters Catalysts and materials
- cathode Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentialsElectrolysis: driving reactions with electricity
- cell constant Conductometry: how fast ions move
- Centre of inversion Symmetry and point groups
- centrifugal distortion Rotation and vibration: the infrared band of a gas
- chain reaction Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- change Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- character Counting vibrations with group theory: infrared and Raman
- characteristic temperatures Entropy and heat capacity from molecular levels
- Charge Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- charge and radius Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- charge transfer Colour and the spectrochemical seriesOxidation states and colour
- Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s laws Gas laws: where pressure comes from
- Check Reactions in aqueous solution
- chelates Complexes and ligands
- Chemical equilibria Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- chemical potential Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- Chemisorption Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- Chinese name Naming ions and compounds
- Chinese names Complexes and ligands
- chiral Geometry and isomerism
- Chirality Symmetry and point groups
- choosing the analytical wavelength The spectrophotometer
- cisplatin Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- closed Energy, heat and enthalpy
- closed system Half-life and radiometric dating
- closo Boranes and clusters: counting skeletal electrons
- CO and CO₂ Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- CO₂ per MJ Bond enthalpies and fuels
- colligative properties Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- collisional (pressure) broadening Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- combination differences Rotation and vibration: the infrared band of a gas
- combination electrode The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- common-ion effect The common-ion effect and pH
- complement Colour and the spectrochemical series
- complete ionic equation Reactions in aqueous solution
- Complete the centre Lewis structures and formal charge
- Complete the outer atoms first Lewis structures and formal charge
- completely Mole ratios and mass calculations
- completely filled Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- completely precipitated Selective precipitation and separating ions
- complex ions Complex ions and formation constants
- comproportionate Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- comproportionation Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- Concentration Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
- concentration cell Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- conditional formation constant Stability and the chelate effectComplexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- conductance Conductometry: how fast ions move
- conductivity Conductometry: how fast ions move
- confidence interval Confidence intervals and Student’s t
- confirmatory test Qualitative analysis of cations
- conjugate acid Proton transfer: acids, bases and pH
- conjugate base Proton transfer: acids, bases and pHBuffers: resisting pH change
- conservation of charge Balancing chemical equations
- constant-current coulometry Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- constants of nature with exactly fixed values Units and orders of magnitude
- Contact process Catalysts and materials
- contaminated Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- Contamination and the limit Half-life and radiometric dating
- continuous spectrum Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- control rods Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- controlled-potential coulometry Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- convection Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Conventions Half-life and radiometric dating
- convolution Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- coordination number Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atomsComplexes and ligands
- Coordination number 2 Geometry and isomerism
- Coordination number 4 Geometry and isomerism
- Coordination number 6 Geometry and isomerism
- coordination polyhedron Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- Coprecipitation Gravimetric analysis
- corner Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- costs Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativityBond enthalpies and fuels
- Cottrell equation Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- coulometric Karl Fischer titration Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- coulometric titration Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- coulometry Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- count molecules Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- Count valence electrons Lewis structures and formal charge
- counter electrode Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- counteracts Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
- coupling constant NMR: listening to hydrogen nuclei
- Covalent hydrides Hydrogen and the s-block
- critical mass Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- critical micelle concentration Surfactants and micelles
- Critical point Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- crossover temperature Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- crystal systems Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- crystal-field stabilisation energy Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- cubic close packing (ccp) Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- cumulative formation constant Complex ions and formation constants
- Curie’s law Magnetism: counting unpaired electrons with a balance
- current Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Cyclic voltammetry Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
D
- d orbitals The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- d-electron configuration Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- d–d transitions Oxidation states and colour
- dead time Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- Debye length Activities and the salt effect
- Delocalisation and strain Bond enthalpies and fuels
- denitrification Nitrogen and phosphorus
- density Density: an intensive property
- deoxy Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- descent in symmetry Symmetry, distortion and the Jahn–Teller effect
- detection limit Calibration curves and detection limits
- Detector The spectrophotometerGas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- diamagnetism Magnetism: counting unpaired electrons with a balance
- diamond X-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with wavesBoron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- diffusion Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- diffusion control Fast reactions: relaxation and the diffusion limit
- Digest Gravimetric analysis
- Digestion Kjeldahl nitrogen: from nitrogen to protein
- dilution law Conductometry: how fast ions move
- Dipole–dipole forces Intermolecular forces
- direct titration Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- direction Entropy: counting the ways
- Dispersion (London) forces Intermolecular forces
- displacement Density: an intensive property
- displacement titration Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- disproportionates Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagramsOxygen and sulfur
- disproportionation Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- dissociative, D Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- dissolution equilibrium The solubility product
- Distillation Kjeldahl nitrogen: from nitrogen to protein
- distribution ratio Extraction: partition equilibria and the separating funnel
- Divide by the coefficient before comparing Limiting reagents and yield
- domains Catalysts and materials
- donor atom Complexes and ligands
- donor atoms Complexes and ligands
- Doppler broadening Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- down Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction
- Down a group What makes an acid strong
- Drift Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- Dry or ignite Gravimetric analysis
- DTG Thermogravimetry
- dynamic dosing Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- dynamic equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium: both directions at once
E
- e Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- E (Equilibrium) Equilibrium calculations: ICE tables
- Each pH unit away changes their ratio tenfold Polyprotic acids and speciation
- edge Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- effective nuclear charge Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- effusion Mixtures, partial pressures, and effusion
- eg Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- electro-osmotic flow Capillary electrophoresis
- electrode potential Redox titrations
- electrolysis Electrolysis: driving reactions with electricityExtracting metals
- electrolytes Reactions in aqueous solution
- Electron affinity Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- Electron capture Radioactive decay
- Electron ionisation (EI) Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- electron-capture detector (ECD) Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- Electron-deficient Lewis structures and formal charge
- electron-domain geometry Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)
- Electronegativity Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativityBond polarity and electronegativity
- electrons X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
- electrophoretic mobility Capillary electrophoresis
- element specificity Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- elementary step Reaction mechanisms
- elements X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s lawHess’s law and enthalpies of formation
- elements in their reference states Hess’s law and enthalpies of formation
- Emission Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- empirical Formulas and composition
- enantiomers Geometry and isomerism
- end point Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- endothermic Energy, heat and enthalpyFree energy and equilibrium
- endpoint Titration curves and indicators
- energy Batteries: chemistry that stores charge
- energy bands Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- English (IUPAC 2005) Complexes and ligands
- English name Naming ions and compounds
- Enough energy Collision theory and activation energy
- enthalpy Energy, heat and enthalpy
- enthalpy of solution Forming solutions and solubility
- enthalpy-level diagram Energy, heat and enthalpy
- entropy Entropy: counting the ways
- Enzyme catalysis Catalysis
- equals Δo Colour and the spectrochemical series
- equatorial Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)
- equilibrium Free energy and equilibriumOverpotential and electrode kinetics
- equilibrium bond length Covalent bonding: sharing a pair
- Equivalence Titration curves and indicators
- equivalence point Titration curves and indicators
- equivalent mass Heat capacity of solids and third-law entropy
- estimate one more Uncertainty and significant figures
- eutectic Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosisBinary phase diagrams
- even numbers Nuclear stability and binding energy
- every member has the same activity Radioactive decay
- exact The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- Exact mass Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- Exact numbers Uncertainty and significant figures
- exactly The mole: counting atoms by weighing
- exactly in the ratio of the coefficients Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- Excess Titration curves and indicatorsRedox titrations
- exchange current density Overpotential and electrode kinetics
- exothermic Energy, heat and enthalpyFree energy and equilibrium
- Expanded octet Lewis structures and formal charge
- expansion work Energy, heat and enthalpy
- external circuit Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
F
- F = N_A e = 96 485.332 12 C/mol Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- f orbitals The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- fac Geometry and isomerism
- face Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- face-centred cubic Close packing: ABAB and ABCABCX-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- factor-label method Units and orders of magnitude
- Fajans Precipitation titration: argentometry
- falls Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- Fe²⁺ Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- ferromagnetism Catalysts and materials
- fewer Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
- fewest Uncertainty and significant figures
- Filter and wash Gravimetric analysis
- fingerprint region Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- first derivative Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- First ionization energy Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- first kind Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- fix Dissolved oxygen: the Winkler titration and the Clark electrode
- flame ionisation detector (FID) Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- fluorescence Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- fluorite (CaF₂) Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- fluorite structure Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- formal charge Lewis structures and formal charge
- fragment ions Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- free Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- freezing-point depression Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- Frost diagram Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- Fullerenes Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- fusing Nuclear stability and binding energy
G
- galvanic cell Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
- gas Reactions in aqueous solution
- gas chromatograph Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- Gaussian (normal) distribution Errors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- general elution problem Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- Gibbs energy Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- gradient elution Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- Gran plot Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- Graphene Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- Graphite Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- Gray (Gy) Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- gross error Errors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- Grotthuss mechanism Conductometry: how fast ions move
- group frequencies Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- group reagent Qualitative analysis of cations
- Grubbs test Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
H
- Haber process Catalysts and materials
- Haemoglobin Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- half-equivalence point Titration curves and indicators
- Hard acids Hard and soft acids and bases
- hard bases Hard and soft acids and bases
- hard likes hard, soft likes soft Hard and soft acids and bases
- heat Energy, heat and enthalpy
- Heat alone Extracting metals
- heat capacity Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- heat leakage Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- helium Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- Henry’s law Dissolved oxygen: the Winkler titration and the Clark electrode
- Hess’s law Hess’s law and enthalpies of formation
- Heterogeneous catalysis CatalysisCatalysts and materials
- heterogeneous equilibrium The equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient
- hexagonal close packing (hcp) Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- high spin Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- high-performance liquid chromatography Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- high-spin Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- higher heating value Bond enthalpies and fuels
- highest principal quantum number Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- hole Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- HOMO Conjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- Homogeneous catalysis CatalysisCatalysts and materials
- Homogeneous precipitation Gravimetric analysis
- horizontal Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- how Reaction rates and rate laws
- how far Weak acids and bases: partial ionization
- how fast The equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient
- how hard each hit is Gas laws: where pressure comes from
- How is the end point found Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- how many Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- how much Weak acids and bases: partial ionization
- how often molecules hit Gas laws: where pressure comes from
- Hund’s rule Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- hybrid orbitals Hybrid orbitals
- hydrated gel layers The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- hydration Hydrogen and the s-block
- Hydrogen bonds Intermolecular forces
- Hydrogenation and polymerisation Catalysts and materials
- hydrophobic effect Surfactants and micelles
- hypo Naming ions and compounds
I
- I (Initial) Equilibrium calculations: ICE tables
- Ideal mixing Entropy: counting the ways
- Identity Symmetry and point groups
- Improper axis Symmetry and point groups
- independent Propagation of uncertainty
- indicator blank Precipitation titration: argentometry
- indicator electrode Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- indicator error Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- Indicators Redox titrations
- indirect titration Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- inductive effect What makes an acid strong
- Inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- inert Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- Inert gas at constant volume Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
- infrared active Counting vibrations with group theory: infrared and Raman
- initial rate Reaction rates and rate laws
- injector Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- inner sphere Complexes and ligands
- inner-filter effect Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- insertion (intercalation) reaction Batteries: chemistry that stores charge
- insulator Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- integrated rate law Integrated rate laws and half-lives
- Integration NMR: listening to hydrogen nuclei
- intercept Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction
- interchange Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- Interferences and remedies Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- interior Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- intermediate Reaction mechanisms
- internal conversion Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- internal energy Energy, heat and enthalpy
- internal standard Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- internal-standard Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- interstitial alloys Catalysts and materials
- intersystem crossing Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- iodine clock Reaction rates and rate laws
- iodometry Redox titrations
- ion exchange Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- ion pairs Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosisActivities and the salt effect
- ion product The solubility product
- ion product of water Proton transfer: acids, bases and pH
- Ion-selective electrodes The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- ionic atmosphere Activities and the salt effect
- ionic character Bond polarity and electronegativity
- Ionic hydrides Hydrogen and the s-block
- ionic strength Activities and the salt effect
- ionisation Hydrogen and the s-block
- irradiated Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- is the difference real Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- isoelectronic Molecular-orbital theoryX-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- isolated Energy, heat and enthalpy
- isomers Formulas and composition
- isosbestic point Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- Isothermal expansion of an ideal gas Entropy: counting the ways
- isotopes Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- ite Naming ions and compounds
- its high-speed tail grows rapidly Kinetic theory and the speed distribution
J
- Jahn–Teller effect Symmetry, distortion and the Jahn–Teller effect
- jump Titration curves and indicatorsRedox titrations
- junction Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- junction potential Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
K
- K shell X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
- Kasha’s rule Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- Kc and Kp The equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient
- KCl Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- Kissinger equation Thermogravimetry
- Kα X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
- Kβ X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
L
- labile Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- lability Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- lanthanide contraction The f-block and beyond
- Laporte rule Colour and the spectrochemical series
- latent heat Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- Latimer diagram Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- lattice Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- lattice enthalpy Ionic bonding: opposite charges together
- lattice parameters Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- lattice points Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- law of conservation of mass Balancing chemical equations
- law of independent migration of ions Conductometry: how fast ions move
- law of mass action The equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient
- layer A Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- Lean (λ > 1) Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- leave the solution Reactions in aqueous solution
- leftmost last place Uncertainty and significant figures
- level Uncertainty and significant figures
- Lewis acid Complex ions and formation constantsBoron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- ligand-field activation energy Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- Ligand-field theory Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- ligands Complex ions and formation constants
- Lightning Nitrogen and phosphorus
- like dissolves like Forming solutions and solubility
- limiting current Dissolved oxygen: the Winkler titration and the Clark electrode
- limiting molar conductivity Conductometry: how fast ions move
- line spectrum Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- linear combination of atomic orbitals Molecular-orbital theory
- linear solvent strength model Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- liquid line Binary phase diagrams
- Lithium and magnesium Hydrogen and the s-block
- look at the ions, not the compounds Reactions in aqueous solution
- lost an electron Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- low spin Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitalsMetals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- lower heating value Bond enthalpies and fuels
- lower pH means more acidic Proton transfer: acids, bases and pH
- lowest pH Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- lowest point Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- LUMO Conjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- Lα X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
M
- macrostate Entropy: counting the ways
- Madelung constant Ionic bonding: opposite charges together
- magic numbers 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 Nuclear stability and binding energy
- Magnets The f-block and beyond
- make the total volume up to Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- mass Nuclear stability and binding energy
- mass analyser Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- Mass number A Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- mass ratios are not coefficient ratios Mole ratios and mass calculations
- mass spectrometer Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- mass spectrometer (MS) Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- matrix Calibration curves and detection limits
- maximum kinetic energy Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- mean Errors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- mean activity coefficient Activities and the salt effect
- mechanism Reaction mechanisms
- membrane Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- mer Geometry and isomerism
- metal Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- Metallic (interstitial) hydrides Hydrogen and the s-block
- Metallic character Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- metallochromic indicator Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- metastable Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- methaemoglobin Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- method Confidence intervals and Student’s t
- methyl red Titration curves and indicators
- micelles Surfactants and micelles
- microstate Entropy: counting the ways
- migration Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Mirror plane Symmetry and point groups
- mixed acids Conductometry: how fast ions move
- Mixed crystals Gravimetric analysis
- mobile phase Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- mobility Capillary electrophoresis
- moderator Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- Mohr Precipitation titration: argentometry
- molar conductivity Conductometry: how fast ions move
- molar mass The mole: counting atoms by weighing
- mole Mole ratios and mass calculations
- mole ratio Mole ratios and mass calculations
- mole ratios Mole ratios and mass calculations
- molecular Formulas and composition
- molecular equation Reactions in aqueous solution
- molecular ion Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- molecular shape Valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)
- molecular-orbital theory Molecular-orbital theory
- molecularity Reaction mechanisms
- molecules Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- moment of mixing Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- Monochromator The spectrophotometer
- Monodentate Complexes and ligands
- Multiply and divide Uncertainty and significant figures
- Myoglobin Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
N
- n-type Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- Native metals Extracting metals
- natural width Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- negative Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
- neighbours’ NMR: listening to hydrogen nuclei
- nephelauxetic effect Electronic spectra: Δo and B from the bands
- Nernst equation The Nernst equation: concentration and pH shift potentials
- Nernst slope Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- net ionic equation Reactions in aqueous solution
- nido Boranes and clusters: counting skeletal electrons
- nitrification Nitrogen and phosphorus
- Nitrogenase Nitrogen and phosphorus
- nₘ Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- nodes Conjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- non-electrolytes Reactions in aqueous solution
- nonmetallic character Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- normal boiling point Vapour pressure and boiling
- not Colour and the spectrochemical series
- nuclear magnetic resonance NMR: listening to hydrogen nuclei
- nucleus Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- null hypothesis Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- number Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- number of theoretical plates Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
O
- Occlusion Gravimetric analysis
- octahedral holes Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- octahedral splitting Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- Odd-electron Lewis structures and formal charge
- on the spot Coulometry: counting electrons, counting water
- one Redox titrations
- one solute Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- open Energy, heat and enthalpy
- optimum velocity Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- order Molecular-orbital theory
- order of the group Symmetry and point groups
- orders Reaction rates and rate laws
- osmosis Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- osmotic pressure Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- Ostwald process Nitrogen and phosphorus
- Others The f-block and beyond
- outer sphere Complexes and ligands
- over 3 kg Mole ratios and mass calculations
- overall formation constant Stability and the chelate effect
- overlapping lines X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
- overpotential Electrolysis: driving reactions with electricityOverpotential and electrode kinetics
- Oxidation Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- oxidation at the anode, reduction at the cathode Electrolysis: driving reactions with electricity
- oxidation state Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electronsComplexes and ligands
- oxidation states Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- oxidising agent Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- ozone Oxygen and sulfur
P
- p orbitals The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- p-type Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- Paired data Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- pale yellow Redox titrations
- paramagnetism Magnetism: counting unpaired electrons with a balanceCatalysts and materials
- partial negative charge Bond polarity and electronegativity
- partial pressure Mixtures, partial pressures, and effusionDissolved oxygen: the Winkler titration and the Clark electrode
- particle in a box Conjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- partition Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- partition coefficient Extraction: partition equilibria and the separating funnel
- partition function Entropy and heat capacity from molecular levels
- passivation Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- Pauli exclusion Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- peak Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- per Naming ions and compounds
- Per gram Bond enthalpies and fuels
- Per mole of O₂ Bond enthalpies and fuels
- per mole of O₂ consumed Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction
- Perfect squares Equilibrium calculations: ICE tables
- perovskite (SrTiO₃) Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- perovskite’s Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- phase change Entropy: counting the ways
- phase diagram Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- phenolphthalein Titration curves and indicators
- phosphorescence Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- Phosphors and lasers The f-block and beyond
- photoelectric effect Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- photons Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- Physical state Bond enthalpies and fuels
- Physisorption Surfaces and adsorption: counting the molecules that cover a solid
- plate height Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- Plateaus Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- point group Symmetry and point groups
- polar Bond polarity and electronegativity
- Polarity Symmetry and point groups
- polyatomic ions Naming ions and compounds
- Polychromatic light Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- Polydentate Complexes and ligands
- polyprotic Polyprotic acids and speciation
- position Colour and the spectrochemical series
- positive Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
- positively Binary phase diagrams
- Potassium–argon Half-life and radiometric dating
- potential energy Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- Potentiometric titration Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- potentiostat Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- powder pattern X-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- precipitate Reactions in aqueous solutionQualitative analysis of cationsGravimetric analysis
- Precision Uncertainty and significant figuresErrors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- primary standard Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- primary standards Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- principal axis Symmetry and point groups
- probability density The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- protons moving from molecule to molecule Proton transfer: acids, bases and pH
- pseudo-first-order Integrated rate laws and half-lives
Q
- quadratic functions Symmetry, distortion and the Jahn–Teller effect
- quantitation limit Calibration curves and detection limits
- quasi-reversible Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
R
- Racah parameter Electronic spectra: Δo and B from the bands
- Raman active Counting vibrations with group theory: infrared and Raman
- Raman spectrum Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- random error Uncertainty and significant figuresErrors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
- random error only Confidence intervals and Student’s t
- Raoult’s law Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosisBinary phase diagrams
- rate Hydrogen and the s-block
- rate constant Reaction rates and rate laws
- rate law Reaction rates and rate laws
- rate-determining step Reaction mechanisms
- rates Dynamic equilibrium: both directions at once
- ratio Buffers: resisting pH change
- ratio of daughter to parent Half-life and radiometric dating
- ratios of moles Balancing chemical equations
- ratios of particles Balancing chemical equations
- reaction quotient Free energy and equilibrium
- reading uncertainty Uncertainty and significant figures
- Readout The spectrophotometer
- redox Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- reducing agent Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- Reduction Oxidation states: bookkeeping for electrons
- reduction formula Counting vibrations with group theory: infrared and Raman
- reference electrode Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodesVoltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Regions Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- relative Propagation of uncertainty
- relative abundances Mass spectrometry: isotope clusters and fragments
- relative atomic mass Inside the atom: protons, neutrons and electrons
- relative stability of two oxidation states Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- relaxation time Fast reactions: relaxation and the diffusion limit
- released Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativityCalorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- replacing Complex ions and formation constants
- reprecipitate Gravimetric analysis
- residual plot Calibration curves and detection limits
- resolution Column efficiency: plates, band broadening and resolution
- resonance forms Lewis structures and formal charge
- response factor Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- retardation factor Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- retention factor Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- retention index Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- retention time Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- reverse osmosis Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- reversed phase Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- reversible Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Rich (λ < 1) Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- rigid rotor Rotation and vibration: the infrared band of a gas
- Rinse Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- roasted Extracting metals
- rock salt (NaCl) Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- Rotation axis Symmetry and point groups
- round half to even Uncertainty and significant figures
- rounds half up Uncertainty and significant figures
- rule of mutual exclusion Counting vibrations with group theory: infrared and Raman
- Rule of thumb Entropy: counting the ways
- rutile (TiO₂) Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
S
- s orbitals The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbers
- s–p mixing Molecular-orbital theory
- Sabatier principle Catalysts and materials
- salt bridge Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentialsPotentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- Sample cell (cuvette) The spectrophotometer
- second derivative Potentiometric titration: end points from potentials
- second kind Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- second law of thermodynamics Entropy: counting the ways
- Second-order Integrated rate laws and half-lives
- secondary standards Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- secular equilibrium Radioactive decay
- sedimentation equilibrium Brownian motion: counting molecules under a microscope
- Selection rule Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- selectivity Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- Self-absorption Atomic spectroscopy: emission and absorption
- semiconductor Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colourBoron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- semipermeable membrane Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- shell model Nuclear stability and binding energy
- shielding Periodic trends: size, ionization energy and electronegativity
- Sievert (Sv) Fission, fusion and radiation dose
- sigmoid curve Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- silicates Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- silver–silver chloride Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- simple cubic Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atomsX-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- singly Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- size exclusion Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- slag Extracting metals
- slope Ellingham diagrams and metal extractionMaps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- sloping Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- slows down when heated Reaction mechanisms
- small Propagation of uncertainty
- smallest whole-number ratio Formulas and composition
- Soft acids Hard and soft acids and bases
- soft bases Hard and soft acids and bases
- solid electrolyte Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
- solubilisation Surfactants and micelles
- solubility Forming solutions and solubility
- solubility product The solubility product
- solvent extraction Extraction: partition equilibria and the separating funnel
- Source The spectrophotometer
- sp Hybrid orbitals
- sp² Hybrid orbitals
- sp³ Hybrid orbitals
- speciation diagram Polyprotic acids and speciation
- specific heat Calorimetry: measuring heats of reaction
- spectator ions Reactions in aqueous solution
- spectral bandwidth The spectrophotometer
- spectrochemical series Colour and the spectrochemical series
- Spin–spin splitting NMR: listening to hydrogen nuclei
- Split Reactions in aqueous solution
- splitting Nuclear stability and binding energy
- square root of the sum of squares Propagation of uncertainty
- Stability Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- standard Energy, heat and enthalpy
- Standard addition Calibration curves and detection limits
- standard deviation Uncertainty and significant figures
- standard electrode potential Reactions in aqueous solutionGalvanic cells and standard electrode potentials
- standard enthalpy of formation Hess’s law and enthalpies of formation
- standard Gibbs energy change Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- standard hydrogen electrode Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentialsPotentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- standard molar entropy Entropy: counting the ways
- standard state Hess’s law and enthalpies of formation
- standardise Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- standardised Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- standing waves The quantum model: orbitals and quantum numbersConjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- Starch Redox titrations
- state function Energy, heat and enthalpy
- static quenching Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- stationary phase Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- steelmaking Extracting metals
- stepwise formation constant Complex ions and formation constants
- Stokes shift Fluorescence: how molecules give light back
- Stray light Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- stretches Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- strong acid + strong base Conductometry: how fast ions move
- strong electrolytes Reactions in aqueous solution
- stronger Bond enthalpies and fuels
- structure factor X-ray diffraction: measuring atoms with waves
- substitutional alloys Catalysts and materials
- Sulfide grouping Selective precipitation and separating ions
- supercool Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- supercritical CO₂ Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- supercritical fluid Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- superheat Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- supersaturated Forming solutions and solubility
- supporting electrolyte Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Surface adsorption Gravimetric analysis
- surfactant Surfactants and micelles
- surroundings Energy, heat and enthalpy
- symmetry element Symmetry and point groups
- symmetry operation Symmetry and point groups
- symmetry operations Symmetry and point groups
- system Energy, heat and enthalpy
- systematic error Uncertainty and significant figuresErrors, the mean and the Gaussian distribution
T
- t₂ Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- t₂g Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- Tafel equation Overpotential and electrode kinetics
- Tanabe–Sugano diagram Electronic spectra: Δo and B from the bands
- Temperature Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
- Temperature programming Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- terms Electronic spectra: Δo and B from the bands
- tetrahedral holes Close packing: ABAB and ABCABC
- the 4s electrons leave first Trends across the d-block
- The anomalous F–F bond Halogens and noble gases
- The buffer region Titration curves and indicators
- the difference between two electrodes Potentiometry: reference and indicator electrodes
- The Haber–Bosch process Nitrogen and phosphorus
- the lower the line, the more stable the oxide Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction
- the more reactive the metal, the lower its line Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction
- the new bonds formed afterwards Covalent bonding: sharing a pair
- the order in which electrons are added Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- The rate–yield compromise The Haber process: an industrial compromise
- the reacting system loses enthalpy Energy, heat and enthalpy
- The right orientation Collision theory and activation energy
- the same plate Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- The start Titration curves and indicators
- theoretical Mole ratios and mass calculations
- theoretical plate Binary phase diagrams
- theoretical specific capacity Batteries: chemistry that stores charge
- thermal conductivity detector (TCD) Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- thermochemical equation Energy, heat and enthalpy
- thermogram Thermogravimetry
- Thermogravimetric analysis Thermogravimetry
- Thin-layer chromatography Chromatography principles: retention, selectivity and Rf
- third law of thermodynamics Entropy: counting the ways
- three-centre two-electron bond Boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon and the inert pair
- threshold frequency Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- tie line Binary phase diagrams
- timing the clock measures the rate Reaction rates and rate laws
- Titration Kjeldahl nitrogen: from nitrogen to protein
- tolerance Uncertainty and significant figures
- total ionic strength adjustment buffer The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- total volume of solution Solution stoichiometry: concentration, dilution and titration
- trans effect Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- transfer coefficient Overpotential and electrode kinetics
- transition element Trends across the d-block
- transition state Reaction mechanisms
- transmittance Light and absorbance: the Beer–Lambert law
- transmitted The spectrophotometer
- transplatin Ligand substitution: labile and inert
- Triple point Phase diagrams: water and carbon dioxide
- Trouton’s rule Entropy: counting the ways
- Two means Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- two nuclei attracting the same pair of electrons Covalent bonding: sharing a pair
U
- uncertainty budget Propagation of uncertainty
- unit cell Lattices and unit cells: bookkeeping for atoms
- universe Gibbs energy: temperature decides
- unpaired electrons Molecular-orbital theory
- Uranium–lead Half-life and radiometric dating
V
- vacuum distillation Vapour pressure and boiling
- valence electrons Electron configuration: filling the orbitals
- vapour line Binary phase diagrams
- vapour pressure Vapour pressure and boilingGas and high-performance liquid chromatography
- vector sum Molecular polarity
- vertical Maps of oxidation states: Latimer, Frost and Pourbaix diagrams
- very heavy nuclei Nuclear stability and binding energy
- volatile Vapour pressure and boiling
- Volhard Precipitation titration: argentometry
- voltage Batteries: chemistry that stores charge
- voltammetry Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Volume (pressure) Le Chatelier’s principle: how equilibria respond
W
- Warming stretches Heating curves and the heat of phase change
- water Reactions in aqueous solution
- wavenumber Infrared spectroscopy: molecular vibrations
- weak acid Weak acids and bases: partial ionizationBuffers: resisting pH change
- weak acid + strong base Conductometry: how fast ions move
- weak acid + weak base (ammonia) Conductometry: how fast ions move
- weak electrolyte Conductometry: how fast ions move
- weak electrolytes Reactions in aqueous solution
- weigh instead of count The mole: counting atoms by weighing
- Weigh to constant mass Gravimetric analysis
- weighted least squares Calibration curves and detection limits
- well depth Covalent bonding: sharing a pair
- what Colligative properties: freezing, boiling and osmosis
- what is left of white light after absorption Oxidation states and colour
- what remains Radioactive decay
- When O₂ binds Metals in biology: how haemoglobin carries oxygen
- where The equilibrium constant and the reaction quotient
- whether a band is partly filled Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour
- which Radioactive decay
- which drop to stop at Titration curves and indicators
- whose volume is about to be measured Volumetric analysis: primary standards and standardisation
- Why phosphoric acid Redox titrations
- wine red Complexometric titration: EDTA and water hardness
- with the data you have Comparing results: t tests, F tests and outliers
- work Energy, heat and enthalpy
- work function Light and spectra: the fingerprints of atoms
- working electrode Voltammetry: diffusion written in current
- Write Reactions in aqueous solution
X
- X-ray fluorescence X-rays and atomic number: Moseley’s law
Y
- yttria-stabilised zirconia Solid electrolytes: the oxygen sensor in a car exhaust
Z
- zero point The glass pH electrode and ion-selective electrodes
- zero-order Integrated rate laws and half-lives
- zero-point energy Covalent bonding: sharing a pairConjugation and colour: π electrons in a box
- zinc blende (ZnS) Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
- ZnO Ionic crystals: polyhedra and radius ratios
#
- α decay Radioactive decay
- β⁺ decay Radioactive decay
- β⁻ decay Radioactive decay
- γ decay Radioactive decay
- Δo < P Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- Δo > P Crystal-field theory: splitting the d orbitals
- π acceptors Colour and the spectrochemical series
- π bond Hybrid orbitals
- π donors Colour and the spectrochemical series
- σ bond Hybrid orbitals