15 P Phosphorus 30.974
Nonmetal
Phosphorus 磷
[Ne] 3s² 3p³
- Period 3
- Group 15
- Block p
- Solid
Electron configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p³
Orbital diagram (valence)
3s ↑↓
3p ↑↑↑
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 5
- Unpaired electrons
- 3
- Zeff (Slater)
- 4.80
Properties
- Atomic weight
- 30.974
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 2.19
- First ionization energy
- 1012 kJ/mol
- Electron affinity
- 71.98 kJ/mol
- Covalent radius
- 107 pm
- van der Waals radius
- 180 pm
- Melting point
- 317.3 K
- Boiling point
- 553.6 K
- Density
- 1.82 g/cm³
- Melting / boiling point
- 44.2 °C / 280.5 °C
- Common oxidation states
- +5, +3, −3
- Discovered
- 1669
Natural isotopes
| Mass number A | Abundance |
|---|---|
| 31P | 100.00 % |
Isotope masses: AME2020; abundances: IUPAC/CIAAW representative values.
Successive ionization energies
The big jumps appear where core electrons start to be removed. Ionization energies from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database.
Phosphorus in the course
The lessons that discuss this element most (ranked by mentions).
- Nitrogen and phosphorus The main-group elements
- Polyprotic acids and speciation Acids and bases
- Oxygen and sulfur The main-group elements
- Naming ions and compounds Reactions and stoichiometry
- Metal carbonyls and the 18-electron rule Coordination chemistry
- Reaction mechanisms Reaction rates
- Redox titrations Titrimetric and gravimetric analysis
- Metals and bands: conductors, semiconductors and colour Crystals and solids
Lab experiments with Phosphorus
Periodic trend
Group 15
Data: PubChem periodic table (public domain); atomic weights are IUPAC abridged standard values; covalent radii from Cordero et al. (2008).