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7 N Nitrogen 14.007

Nonmetal

Nitrogen 氮

[He] 2s² 2p³

  • Period 2
  • Group 15
  • Block p
  • Gas

Electron configuration

1s² 2s² 2p³

Orbital diagram (valence)

2s ↑↓
2p ↑↑↑
Electrons per shell
2, 5
Unpaired electrons
3
Zeff (Slater)
3.90

Properties

Atomic weight
14.007
Electronegativity (Pauling)
3.04
First ionization energy
1402 kJ/mol
Electron affinity
no data
Covalent radius
71 pm
van der Waals radius
155 pm
Melting point
63.15 K
Boiling point
77.36 K
Density
0.001251 g/cm³
Melting / boiling point
−210.0 °C / −195.8 °C
Common oxidation states
+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, −1, −2, −3
Discovered
1772

Natural isotopes

1415m/z020406080100Abundance / %
Mass number AAtomic mass / uAbundance
14N14.00307499.64 %
15N15.0001090.3640 %

Isotope masses: AME2020; abundances: IUPAC/CIAAW representative values.

Successive ionization energies

1: 14.53 eV2: 29.60 eV3: 47.45 eV4: 77.47 eV5: 97.89 eV6: 552.07 eV7: 667.05 eV1234567n-th electron removed101001000Ionization energy / eV (log)

The big jumps appear where core electrons start to be removed. Ionization energies from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database.

Nitrogen in the course

The lessons that discuss this element most (ranked by mentions).

Lab experiments with Nitrogen

Standard reduction potentials

NX2OX4(g)+2 HX+(aq)+2 eX−→2 HNOX2(aq)\ce{N2O4(g)} + \ce{2H+(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{2HNO2(aq)}+1.065 V
HNOX2(aq)+HX+(aq)+eX−→NO(g)+HX2O(l)\ce{HNO2(aq)} + \ce{H+(aq)} + \ce{e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{NO(g)} + \ce{H2O(l)}+0.983 V
NOX3X−(aq)+4 HX+(aq)+3 eX−→NO(g)+2 HX2O(l)\ce{NO3-(aq)} + \ce{4H+(aq)} + \ce{3e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{NO(g)} + \ce{2H2O(l)}+0.957 V
NOX3X−(aq)+3 HX+(aq)+2 eX−→HNOX2(aq)+HX2O(l)\ce{NO3-(aq)} + \ce{3H+(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{HNO2(aq)} + \ce{H2O(l)}+0.934 V
2 NOX3X−(aq)+4 HX+(aq)+2 eX−→NX2OX4(g)+2 HX2O(l)\ce{2NO3-(aq)} + \ce{4H+(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{N2O4(g)} + \ce{2H2O(l)}+0.803 V
NX2(g)+6 HX+(aq)+6 eX−→2 NHX3(aq)\ce{N2(g)} + \ce{6H+(aq)} + \ce{6e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{2NH3(aq)}+0.092 V
NOX3X−(aq)+HX2O(l)+2 eX−→NOX2X−(aq)+2 OHX−(aq)\ce{NO3-(aq)} + \ce{H2O(l)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{NO2-(aq)} + \ce{2OH-(aq)}+0.010 V
All potentials

Periodic trend

H: 1312 kJ/molHe: 2372 kJ/molLi: 520.2 kJ/molBe: 899.5 kJ/molB: 800.6 kJ/molC: 1086 kJ/molN: 1402 kJ/molO: 1314 kJ/molF: 1681 kJ/molNe: 2081 kJ/molNa: 495.8 kJ/molMg: 737.7 kJ/molAl: 577.6 kJ/molSi: 786.5 kJ/molP: 1012 kJ/molS: 999.6 kJ/molCl: 1251 kJ/molAr: 1521 kJ/molK: 418.8 kJ/molCa: 589.8 kJ/molSc: 633 kJ/molTi: 658.8 kJ/molV: 650.9 kJ/molCr: 652.9 kJ/molMn: 717.3 kJ/molFe: 762.4 kJ/molCo: 760.4 kJ/molNi: 737.1 kJ/molCu: 745.4 kJ/molZn: 906.4 kJ/molGa: 578.8 kJ/molGe: 762.2 kJ/molAs: 947 kJ/molSe: 940.9 kJ/molBr: 1140 kJ/molKr: 1351 kJ/molRb: 403 kJ/molSr: 549.5 kJ/molY: 599.8 kJ/molZr: 640.1 kJ/molNb: 652.1 kJ/molMo: 684.3 kJ/molTc: 702.4 kJ/molRu: 710.2 kJ/molRh: 719.7 kJ/molPd: 804.4 kJ/molAg: 731 kJ/molCd: 867.8 kJ/molIn: 558.3 kJ/molSn: 708.6 kJ/molSb: 833.6 kJ/molTe: 869.3 kJ/molI: 1008 kJ/molXe: 1170 kJ/molCs: 375.7 kJ/molBa: 502.9 kJ/mol 0510152025303540455055Atomic number Z05001000150020002500First ionization energy / kJ/mol

Group 15

Data: PubChem periodic table (public domain); atomic weights are IUPAC abridged standard values; covalent radii from Cordero et al. (2008).