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16 S Sulfur 32.06

Nonmetal

Sulfur 硫

[Ne] 3s² 3p⁴

  • Period 3
  • Group 16
  • Block p
  • Solid

Electron configuration

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴

Orbital diagram (valence)

3s ↑↓
3p ↑↓↑↑
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 6
Unpaired electrons
2
Zeff (Slater)
5.45

Properties

Atomic weight
32.06
Electronegativity (Pauling)
2.58
First ionization energy
999.6 kJ/mol
Electron affinity
200.4 kJ/mol
Covalent radius
105 pm
van der Waals radius
180 pm
Melting point
388.4 K
Boiling point
717.8 K
Density
2.067 g/cm³
Melting / boiling point
115.2 °C / 444.6 °C
Common oxidation states
+6, +4, −2
Discovered
Known since antiquity

Natural isotopes

32333436m/z020406080100Abundance / %
Mass number AAtomic mass / uAbundance
32S31.97207194.99 %
33S32.9714590.7500 %
34S33.9678674.25 %
36S35.9670810.0100 %

Isotope masses: AME2020; abundances: IUPAC/CIAAW representative values.

Successive ionization energies

1: 10.36 eV2: 23.34 eV3: 34.86 eV4: 47.22 eV5: 72.59 eV6: 88.05 eV7: 280.95 eV8: 328.79 eV9: 379.84 eV10: 447.70 eV11: 504.55 eV12: 564.41 eV13: 651.96 eV14: 706.99 eV15: 3223.78 eV16: 3494.19 eV13579111315n-th electron removed101001000Ionization energy / eV (log)

The big jumps appear where core electrons start to be removed. Ionization energies from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database.

Sulfur in the course

The lessons that discuss this element most (ranked by mentions).

Lab experiments with Sulfur

Standard reduction potentials

SX2OX8X2−(aq)+2 eX−→2 SOX4X2−(aq)\ce{S2O8^2-(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{2SO4^2-(aq)}+2.010 V
SOX4X2−(aq)+4 HX+(aq)+2 eX−→HX2SOX3(aq)+HX2O(l)\ce{SO4^2-(aq)} + \ce{4H+(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{H2SO3(aq)} + \ce{H2O(l)}+0.172 V
S(s)+2 HX+(aq)+2 eX−→HX2S(aq)\ce{S(s)} + \ce{2H+(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{H2S(aq)}+0.142 V
SX4OX6X2−(aq)+2 eX−→2 SX2OX3X2−(aq)\ce{S4O6^2-(aq)} + \ce{2e-} \mathrel{\ce{->}} \ce{2S2O3^2-(aq)}+0.080 V
All potentials

Crystal structures

  • ZnS\ce{ZnS} Zinc blende lattice parameter a = 540.9 pm
View in the crystal atlas

Periodic trend

H: 1312 kJ/molHe: 2372 kJ/molLi: 520.2 kJ/molBe: 899.5 kJ/molB: 800.6 kJ/molC: 1086 kJ/molN: 1402 kJ/molO: 1314 kJ/molF: 1681 kJ/molNe: 2081 kJ/molNa: 495.8 kJ/molMg: 737.7 kJ/molAl: 577.6 kJ/molSi: 786.5 kJ/molP: 1012 kJ/molS: 999.6 kJ/molCl: 1251 kJ/molAr: 1521 kJ/molK: 418.8 kJ/molCa: 589.8 kJ/molSc: 633 kJ/molTi: 658.8 kJ/molV: 650.9 kJ/molCr: 652.9 kJ/molMn: 717.3 kJ/molFe: 762.4 kJ/molCo: 760.4 kJ/molNi: 737.1 kJ/molCu: 745.4 kJ/molZn: 906.4 kJ/molGa: 578.8 kJ/molGe: 762.2 kJ/molAs: 947 kJ/molSe: 940.9 kJ/molBr: 1140 kJ/molKr: 1351 kJ/molRb: 403 kJ/molSr: 549.5 kJ/molY: 599.8 kJ/molZr: 640.1 kJ/molNb: 652.1 kJ/molMo: 684.3 kJ/molTc: 702.4 kJ/molRu: 710.2 kJ/molRh: 719.7 kJ/molPd: 804.4 kJ/molAg: 731 kJ/molCd: 867.8 kJ/molIn: 558.3 kJ/molSn: 708.6 kJ/molSb: 833.6 kJ/molTe: 869.3 kJ/molI: 1008 kJ/molXe: 1170 kJ/molCs: 375.7 kJ/molBa: 502.9 kJ/mol 0510152025303540455055Atomic number Z05001000150020002500First ionization energy / kJ/mol

Group 16

Data: PubChem periodic table (public domain); atomic weights are IUPAC abridged standard values; covalent radii from Cordero et al. (2008).