VisualChem 可交互的化学教科书
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标准电极电势（25 °C）

近百个电对的标准还原电势，按从强氧化剂到强还原剂排列。氧化还原单元里的每一个电池电压、能斯特曲线、电解预测、弗罗斯特图和布拜图都由这张表算出。

96 行
F氟/氟离子FX2+2 eX−⇌2 FX−\ce{F2 + 2e- <=> 2F-}22.866—
Fe高铁酸根/铁(III)FeOX4X2−+8 HX++3 eX−⇌FeX3++4 HX2O\ce{FeO4^2- + 8H+ + 3e- <=> Fe^3+ + 4H2O}32.2酸性
O臭氧/氧气OX3+2 HX++2 eX−⇌OX2+HX2O\ce{O3 + 2H+ + 2e- <=> O2 + H2O}22.076酸性
S过二硫酸根/硫酸根SX2OX8X2−+2 eX−⇌2 SOX4X2−\ce{S2O8^2- + 2e- <=> 2SO4^2-}22.01—
Co钴(III)/钴(II)CoX3++eX−⇌CoX2+\ce{Co^3+ + e- <=> Co^2+}11.92—
O过氧化氢/水HX2OX2+2 HX++2 eX−⇌2 HX2O\ce{H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- <=> 2H2O}21.776酸性
N一氧化二氮/氮气NX2O+2 HX++2 eX−⇌NX2+HX2O\ce{N2O + 2H+ + 2e- <=> N2 + H2O}21.766酸性
Ce铈(IV)/铈(III)CeX4++eX−⇌CeX3+\ce{Ce^4+ + e- <=> Ce^3+}11.72—
Pb二氧化铅/硫酸铅（铅蓄电池正极）PbOX2+SOX4X2−+4 HX++2 eX−⇌PbSOX4+2 HX2O\ce{PbO2 + SO4^2- + 4H+ + 2e- <=> PbSO4 + 2H2O}21.6913酸性
Mn高锰酸根/二氧化锰MnOX4X−+4 HX++3 eX−⇌MnOX2+2 HX2O\ce{MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e- <=> MnO2 + 2H2O}31.679酸性
Cl亚氯酸/次氯酸HClOX2+2 HX++2 eX−⇌HClO+HX2O\ce{HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e- <=> HClO + H2O}21.645酸性
Cl次氯酸/氯气2 HClO+2 HX++2 eX−⇌ClX2+2 HX2O\ce{2HClO + 2H+ + 2e- <=> Cl2 + 2H2O}21.611酸性
N一氧化氮/一氧化二氮2 NO+2 HX++2 eX−⇌NX2O+HX2O\ce{2NO + 2H+ + 2e- <=> N2O + H2O}21.591酸性
Mn锰(III)/锰(II)MnX3++eX−⇌MnX2+\ce{Mn^3+ + e- <=> Mn^2+}11.5415—
Mn高锰酸根/锰(II)MnOX4X−+8 HX++5 eX−⇌MnX2++4 HX2O\ce{MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- <=> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}51.507酸性
Au金(III)/金AuX3++3 eX−⇌Au\ce{Au^3+ + 3e- <=> Au}31.498—
Mn三氧化二锰/锰(II)MnX2OX3+6 HX++2 eX−⇌2 MnX2++3 HX2O\ce{Mn2O3 + 6H+ + 2e- <=> 2Mn^2+ + 3H2O}21.485酸性
Pb二氧化铅/铅(II)PbOX2+4 HX++2 eX−⇌PbX2++2 HX2O\ce{PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- <=> Pb^2+ + 2H2O}21.455酸性
Cl氯酸根/氯离子ClOX3X−+6 HX++6 eX−⇌ClX−+3 HX2O\ce{ClO3- + 6H+ + 6e- <=> Cl- + 3H2O}61.451酸性
N羟铵/联氨正离子2 NHX3OHX++HX++2 eX−⇌NX2HX5X++2 HX2O\ce{2NH3OH+ + H+ + 2e- <=> N2H5+ + 2H2O}21.42酸性
Cr重铬酸根/铬(III)CrX2OX7X2−+14 HX++6 eX−⇌2 CrX3++7 HX2O\ce{Cr2O7^2- + 14H+ + 6e- <=> 2Cr^3+ + 7H2O}61.36酸性
Cl氯气/氯离子ClX2+2 eX−⇌2 ClX−\ce{Cl2 + 2e- <=> 2Cl-}21.35827—
N联氨正离子/铵离子NX2HX5X++3 HX++2 eX−⇌2 NHX4X+\ce{N2H5+ + 3H+ + 2e- <=> 2NH4+}21.275酸性
O氧气/水（酸性）OX2+4 HX++4 eX−⇌2 HX2O\ce{O2 + 4H+ + 4e- <=> 2H2O}41.229酸性
Mn二氧化锰/锰(II)MnOX2+4 HX++2 eX−⇌MnX2++2 HX2O\ce{MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- <=> Mn^2+ + 2H2O}21.224酸性
Cl氯酸根/亚氯酸ClOX3X−+3 HX++2 eX−⇌HClOX2+HX2O\ce{ClO3- + 3H+ + 2e- <=> HClO2 + H2O}21.214酸性
I碘酸根/碘2 IOX3X−+12 HX++10 eX−⇌IX2+6 HX2O\ce{2IO3- + 12H+ + 10e- <=> I2 + 6H2O}101.195酸性
Cl高氯酸根/氯酸根ClOX4X−+2 HX++2 eX−⇌ClOX3X−+HX2O\ce{ClO4- + 2H+ + 2e- <=> ClO3- + H2O}21.189酸性
Pt铂(II)/铂PtX2++2 eX−⇌Pt\ce{Pt^2+ + 2e- <=> Pt}21.18—
Br溴/溴离子BrX2+2 eX−⇌2 BrX−\ce{Br2 + 2e- <=> 2Br-}21.066—
N四氧化二氮/亚硝酸NX2OX4+2 HX++2 eX−⇌2 HNOX2\ce{N2O4 + 2H+ + 2e- <=> 2HNO2}21.065酸性
N亚硝酸/一氧化氮HNOX2+HX++eX−⇌NO+HX2O\ce{HNO2 + H+ + e- <=> NO + H2O}10.983酸性
N硝酸根/一氧化氮NOX3X−+4 HX++3 eX−⇌NO+2 HX2O\ce{NO3- + 4H+ + 3e- <=> NO + 2H2O}30.957酸性
N硝酸根/亚硝酸NOX3X−+3 HX++2 eX−⇌HNOX2+HX2O\ce{NO3- + 3H+ + 2e- <=> HNO2 + H2O}20.934酸性
Hg汞(II)/汞(I)2 HgX2++2 eX−⇌HgX2X2+\ce{2Hg^2+ + 2e- <=> Hg2^2+}20.92—
Hg汞(II)/汞HgX2++2 eX−⇌Hg\ce{Hg^2+ + 2e- <=> Hg}20.851—
N硝酸根/四氧化二氮2 NOX3X−+4 HX++2 eX−⇌NX2OX4+2 HX2O\ce{2NO3- + 4H+ + 2e- <=> N2O4 + 2H2O}20.803酸性
Ag银离子/银AgX++eX−⇌Ag\ce{Ag+ + e- <=> Ag}10.7996—
Hg汞(I)/汞HgX2X2++2 eX−⇌2 Hg\ce{Hg2^2+ + 2e- <=> 2Hg}20.7973—
Fe铁(III)/铁(II)FeX3++eX−⇌FeX2+\ce{Fe^3+ + e- <=> Fe^2+}10.771—
O氧气/过氧化氢OX2+2 HX++2 eX−⇌HX2OX2\ce{O2 + 2H+ + 2e- <=> H2O2}20.695酸性
Mn锰酸根/二氧化锰（碱性）MnOX4X2−+2 HX2O+2 eX−⇌MnOX2+4 OHX−\ce{MnO4^2- + 2H2O + 2e- <=> MnO2 + 4OH-}20.6碱性
Mn高锰酸根/二氧化锰（碱性）MnOX4X−+2 HX2O+3 eX−⇌MnOX2+4 OHX−\ce{MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- <=> MnO2 + 4OH-}30.595碱性
Mn高锰酸根/锰酸根MnOX4X−+eX−⇌MnOX4X2−\ce{MnO4- + e- <=> MnO4^2-}10.558—
I三碘离子/碘离子IX3X−+2 eX−⇌3 IX−\ce{I3- + 2e- <=> 3I-}20.536—
I碘/碘离子IX2+2 eX−⇌2 IX−\ce{I2 + 2e- <=> 2I-}20.5355—
Cu铜(I)/铜CuX++eX−⇌Cu\ce{Cu+ + e- <=> Cu}10.521—
O氧气/氢氧根（碱性）OX2+2 HX2O+4 eX−⇌4 OHX−\ce{O2 + 2H2O + 4e- <=> 4OH-}40.401碱性
Cl高氯酸根/氯酸根（碱性）ClOX4X−+HX2O+2 eX−⇌ClOX3X−+2 OHX−\ce{ClO4- + H2O + 2e- <=> ClO3- + 2OH-}20.36碱性
Fe铁氰根/亚铁氰根[Fe(CN)X6]X3−+eX−⇌[Fe(CN)X6]X4−\ce{[Fe(CN)6]^3- + e- <=> [Fe(CN)6]^4-}10.358—
Ag氧化银/银（纽扣电池）AgX2O+HX2O+2 eX−⇌2 Ag+2 OHX−\ce{Ag2O + H2O + 2e- <=> 2Ag + 2OH-}20.342碱性
Cu铜(II)/铜CuX2++2 eX−⇌Cu\ce{Cu^2+ + 2e- <=> Cu}20.3419—
Cl氯酸根/亚氯酸根（碱性）ClOX3X−+HX2O+2 eX−⇌ClOX2X−+2 OHX−\ce{ClO3- + H2O + 2e- <=> ClO2- + 2OH-}20.33碱性
Hg甘汞/汞（甘汞电极）HgX2ClX2+2 eX−⇌2 Hg+2 ClX−\ce{Hg2Cl2 + 2e- <=> 2Hg + 2Cl-}20.26808—
Ag氯化银/银（参比电极）AgCl+eX−⇌Ag+ClX−\ce{AgCl + e- <=> Ag + Cl-}10.22233—
S硫酸根/亚硫酸SOX4X2−+4 HX++2 eX−⇌HX2SOX3+HX2O\ce{SO4^2- + 4H+ + 2e- <=> H2SO3 + H2O}20.172酸性
Cu铜(II)/铜(I)CuX2++eX−⇌CuX+\ce{Cu^2+ + e- <=> Cu+}10.153—
Sn锡(IV)/锡(II)SnX4++2 eX−⇌SnX2+\ce{Sn^4+ + 2e- <=> Sn^2+}20.151—
S硫/硫化氢S+2 HX++2 eX−⇌HX2S\ce{S + 2H+ + 2e- <=> H2S}20.142酸性
Co六氨合钴(III)/钴(II)[Co(NHX3)X6]X3++eX−⇌[Co(NHX3)X6]X2+\ce{[Co(NH3)6]^3+ + e- <=> [Co(NH3)6]^2+}10.108—
N氮气/氨NX2+6 HX++6 eX−⇌2 NHX3\ce{N2 + 6H+ + 6e- <=> 2NH3}60.092酸性
S连四硫酸根/硫代硫酸根SX4OX6X2−+2 eX−⇌2 SX2OX3X2−\ce{S4O6^2- + 2e- <=> 2S2O3^2-}20.08—
Ag溴化银/银AgBr+eX−⇌Ag+BrX−\ce{AgBr + e- <=> Ag + Br-}10.07133—
N硝酸根/亚硝酸根（碱性）NOX3X−+HX2O+2 eX−⇌NOX2X−+2 OHX−\ce{NO3- + H2O + 2e- <=> NO2- + 2OH-}20.01碱性
H氢离子/氢气（标准氢电极）2 HX++2 eX−⇌HX2\ce{2H+ + 2e- <=> H2}20酸性
Fe铁(III)/铁FeX3++3 eX−⇌Fe\ce{Fe^3+ + 3e- <=> Fe}3−0.037—
O氧气/过氧氢根（碱性）OX2+HX2O+2 eX−⇌HOX2X−+OHX−\ce{O2 + H2O + 2e- <=> HO2- + OH-}2−0.076碱性
Pb铅(II)/铅PbX2++2 eX−⇌Pb\ce{Pb^2+ + 2e- <=> Pb}2−0.1262—
Cr铬酸根/氢氧化铬（碱性）CrOX4X2−+4 HX2O+3 eX−⇌Cr(OH)X3+5 OHX−\ce{CrO4^2- + 4H2O + 3e- <=> Cr(OH)3 + 5OH-}3−0.13碱性
Sn锡(II)/锡SnX2++2 eX−⇌Sn\ce{Sn^2+ + 2e- <=> Sn}2−0.1375—
Ag碘化银/银AgI+eX−⇌Ag+IX−\ce{AgI + e- <=> Ag + I-}1−0.15224—
Cu氢氧化铜/铜（碱性）Cu(OH)X2+2 eX−⇌Cu+2 OHX−\ce{Cu(OH)2 + 2e- <=> Cu + 2OH-}2−0.222碱性
Ni镍(II)/镍NiX2++2 eX−⇌Ni\ce{Ni^2+ + 2e- <=> Ni}2−0.257—
Co钴(II)/钴CoX2++2 eX−⇌Co\ce{Co^2+ + 2e- <=> Co}2−0.28—
Pb硫酸铅/铅（铅蓄电池负极）PbSOX4+2 eX−⇌Pb+SOX4X2−\ce{PbSO4 + 2e- <=> Pb + SO4^2-}2−0.3588—
Cu氧化亚铜/铜（碱性）CuX2O+HX2O+2 eX−⇌2 Cu+2 OHX−\ce{Cu2O + H2O + 2e- <=> 2Cu + 2OH-}2−0.36碱性
Cd镉(II)/镉CdX2++2 eX−⇌Cd\ce{Cd^2+ + 2e- <=> Cd}2−0.403—
Cr铬(III)/铬(II)CrX3++eX−⇌CrX2+\ce{Cr^3+ + e- <=> Cr^2+}1−0.407—
Fe铁(II)/铁FeX2++2 eX−⇌Fe\ce{Fe^2+ + 2e- <=> Fe}2−0.447—
Fe氢氧化铁/氢氧化亚铁（碱性）Fe(OH)X3+eX−⇌Fe(OH)X2+OHX−\ce{Fe(OH)3 + e- <=> Fe(OH)2 + OH-}1−0.56碱性
Ni氢氧化镍/镍（碱性）Ni(OH)X2+2 eX−⇌Ni+2 OHX−\ce{Ni(OH)2 + 2e- <=> Ni + 2OH-}2−0.72碱性
Cr铬(III)/铬CrX3++3 eX−⇌Cr\ce{Cr^3+ + 3e- <=> Cr}3−0.744—
Zn锌离子/锌ZnX2++2 eX−⇌Zn\ce{Zn^2+ + 2e- <=> Zn}2−0.7618—
H水/氢气（碱性）2 HX2O+2 eX−⇌HX2+2 OHX−\ce{2H2O + 2e- <=> H2 + 2OH-}2−0.8277碱性
Cr铬(II)/铬CrX2++2 eX−⇌Cr\ce{Cr^2+ + 2e- <=> Cr}2−0.913—
Mn锰(II)/锰MnX2++2 eX−⇌Mn\ce{Mn^2+ + 2e- <=> Mn}2−1.185—
Zn氢氧化锌/锌（碱性电池负极）Zn(OH)X2+2 eX−⇌Zn+2 OHX−\ce{Zn(OH)2 + 2e- <=> Zn + 2OH-}2−1.249碱性
Mn氢氧化锰/锰（碱性）Mn(OH)X2+2 eX−⇌Mn+2 OHX−\ce{Mn(OH)2 + 2e- <=> Mn + 2OH-}2−1.56碱性
Ti钛(II)/钛TiX2++2 eX−⇌Ti\ce{Ti^2+ + 2e- <=> Ti}2−1.63—
Al铝离子/铝AlX3++3 eX−⇌Al\ce{Al^3+ + 3e- <=> Al}3−1.662—
Mg镁离子/镁MgX2++2 eX−⇌Mg\ce{Mg^2+ + 2e- <=> Mg}2−2.372—
Na钠离子/钠NaX++eX−⇌Na\ce{Na+ + e- <=> Na}1−2.71—
Ca钙离子/钙CaX2++2 eX−⇌Ca\ce{Ca^2+ + 2e- <=> Ca}2−2.868—
Ba钡离子/钡BaX2++2 eX−⇌Ba\ce{Ba^2+ + 2e- <=> Ba}2−2.912—
K钾离子/钾KX++eX−⇌K\ce{K+ + e- <=> K}1−2.931—
Li锂离子/锂LiX++eX−⇌Li\ce{Li+ + e- <=> Li}1−3.0401—

电势相对标准氢电极，所有物种活度为 1（气体 1 bar，≈ 1 atm），25 °C；数值保留手册印出的位数。“碱性”电对在 [OH⁻] = 1 M 下书写。不同手册之间可能相差几十毫伏：重铬酸根/Cr³⁺ 在较早的 CRC 版本中为 +1.232 V，许多教材用 +1.33 V；ClO⁻/Cl⁻（碱性）的 CRC 值 +0.81 V 较旧，Bard 等给出 +0.89 V。与本站化学反应台（aqueous.ts）和“电池里的电势地形”故事共用的电对数值完全相同。

数据来源

  1. P. Vanýsek, “Electrochemical Series”, Table 1, in D. R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed., CRC Press (2010), pp. 8-20–8-24.
  2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, J. Jordan (eds.), Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Marcel Dekker (1985) — the main source compiled by the CRC table.

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