30 Zn Zinc 65.38
Transition metal
Zinc 锌
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²
- Period 4
- Group 12
- Block d
- Solid
Electron configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s²
Orbital diagram (valence)
3d ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓
4s ↑↓
- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 2
- Unpaired electrons
- 0
- Zeff (Slater)
- 4.35
Properties
- Atomic weight
- 65.38
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.65
- First ionization energy
- 906.4 kJ/mol
- Electron affinity
- no data
- Covalent radius
- 122 pm
- van der Waals radius
- 139 pm
- Melting point
- 692.7 K
- Boiling point
- 1180 K
- Density
- 7.134 g/cm³
- Melting / boiling point
- 419.5 °C / 906.9 °C
- Common oxidation states
- +2
- Discovered
- 1746
Natural isotopes
| Mass number A | Atomic mass / u | Abundance |
|---|---|---|
| 64Zn | 63.929142 | 49.17 % |
| 66Zn | 65.926033 | 27.73 % |
| 67Zn | 66.927127 | 4.04 % |
| 68Zn | 67.924844 | 18.45 % |
| 70Zn | 69.925319 | 0.6100 % |
Isotope masses: AME2020; abundances: IUPAC/CIAAW representative values.
Zinc in the course
The lessons that discuss this element most (ranked by mentions).
- Oxidation states and colour Transition metals
- Ellingham diagrams and metal extraction Entropy and free energy
- Galvanic cells and standard electrode potentials Redox and electrochemistry
- Limiting reagents and yield Reactions and stoichiometry
- Energy, heat and enthalpy Thermochemistry
- Reactions in aqueous solution Reactions and stoichiometry
- Trends across the d-block Transition metals
- Extracting metals Transition metals
Lab experiments with Zinc
Crystal structures
- Hexagonal close-packed lattice parameter a = 266.5 pm
- Zinc blende lattice parameter a = 540.9 pm
- Wurtzite lattice parameter a = 325.0 pm
Periodic trend
Group 12
Data: PubChem periodic table (public domain); atomic weights are IUPAC abridged standard values; covalent radii from Cordero et al. (2008).