VisualChem 可交互的化学教科书
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惰性电子对效应：N → N−2 电对的电势

第 13–15 族族氧化态还原为低两价氧化态的标准电极电势（25 °C，酸性溶液）；到第 6 周期（Tl、Pb、Bi）电势突然升高到 +1.25 V 以上。

11 行
Ga\ce{Ga}134+3 → +1GaX3++2 eX−→GaX+\ce{Ga^3+ + 2e- -> Ga+}−0.724由两个 CRC 电势推算
In\ce{In}135+3 → +1InX3++2 eX−→InX+\ce{In^3+ + 2e- -> In+}−0.443CRC 电化学序
Tl\ce{Tl}136+3 → +1TlX3++2 eX−→TlX+\ce{Tl^3+ + 2e- -> Tl+}1.252CRC 电化学序
C\ce{C}142+4 → +2COX2(g)+2 HX++2 eX−→CO(g)+HX2O\ce{CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e- -> CO(g) + H2O}−0.104由 ΔfG° 计算
Ge\ce{Ge}144+4 → +2GeOX2+2 HX++2 eX−→GeO+HX2O\ce{GeO2 + 2H+ + 2e- -> GeO + H2O}−0.118CRC 电化学序
Sn\ce{Sn}145+4 → +2SnOX2+4 HX++2 eX−→SnX2++2 HX2O\ce{SnO2 + 4H+ + 2e- -> Sn^2+ + 2H2O}−0.094CRC 电化学序
Pb\ce{Pb}146+4 → +2PbOX2+4 HX++2 eX−→PbX2++2 HX2O\ce{PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- -> Pb^2+ + 2H2O}1.455CRC（本站电势表）
P\ce{P}153+5 → +3HX3POX4+2 HX++2 eX−→HX3POX3+HX2O\ce{H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e- -> H3PO3 + H2O}−0.276CRC 电化学序
As\ce{As}154+5 → +3HX3AsOX4+2 HX++2 eX−→HAsOX2+2 HX2O\ce{H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e- -> HAsO2 + 2H2O}0.560CRC 电化学序
Sb\ce{Sb}155+5 → +3SbX2OX5+6 HX++4 eX−→2 SbOX++3 HX2O\ce{Sb2O5 + 6H+ + 4e- -> 2SbO+ + 3H2O}0.581CRC 电化学序
Bi\ce{Bi}156+5 → +3BiX2OX4+4 HX++2 eX−→2 BiOX++2 HX2O\ce{Bi2O4 + 4H+ + 2e- -> 2BiO+ + 2H2O}1.593CRC 电化学序

Ga³⁺/Ga⁺ 由 Ga³⁺/Ga（−0.549 V）和 Ga⁺/Ga（−0.2 V）推算，误差约 0.1 V。所比较的物种形态不完全相同（水合离子或氧化物），只有大的跃升才有意义。

数据来源

  1. P. Vanýsek, “Electrochemical series”, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 91st ed. (2010), Table 1.
  2. J. D. Cox, D. D. Wagman, V. A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics (1989) (ΔfG° of CO, CO₂ and H₂O for the carbon couple).

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