Standard thermodynamic data (298.15 K)

Standard enthalpies and Gibbs energies of formation and standard molar entropies of about 140 elements, compounds and aqueous ions. Every reaction enthalpy, entropy change, equilibrium constant and Ellingham line in the thermochemistry and thermodynamics units is computed from this table.


Hydrogen	$\ce{H2(g)}$	gas	0	0	130.68	CODATA 1989
Oxygen	$\ce{O2(g)}$	gas	0	0	205.152	CODATA 1989
Nitrogen	$\ce{N2(g)}$	gas	0	0	191.61	CODATA 1989
Fluorine	$\ce{F2(g)}$	gas	0	0	202.791	CODATA 1989
Chlorine	$\ce{Cl2(g)}$	gas	0	0	223.081	CODATA 1989
Bromine	$\ce{Br2(l)}$	liquid	0	0	152.21	CODATA 1989
Iodine	$\ce{I2(s)}$	solid	0	0	116.14	CODATA 1989
Helium	$\ce{He(g)}$	gas	0	0	126.153	CODATA 1989
Neon	$\ce{Ne(g)}$	gas	0	0	146.328	CODATA 1989
Argon	$\ce{Ar(g)}$	gas	0	0	154.846	CODATA 1989
Krypton	$\ce{Kr(g)}$	gas	0	0	164.085	CODATA 1989
Xenon	$\ce{Xe(g)}$	gas	0	0	169.685	CODATA 1989
Graphite (graphite)	$\ce{C(s)}$	solid	0	0	5.74	CODATA 1989
Sulfur (rhombic)	$\ce{S(s)}$	solid	0	0	32.054	CODATA 1989
Lithium	$\ce{Li(s)}$	solid	0	0	29.12	CODATA 1989
Sodium	$\ce{Na(s)}$	solid	0	0	51.3	CODATA 1989
Potassium	$\ce{K(s)}$	solid	0	0	64.68	CODATA 1989
Magnesium	$\ce{Mg(s)}$	solid	0	0	32.67	CODATA 1989
Calcium	$\ce{Ca(s)}$	solid	0	0	41.59	CODATA 1989
Aluminium	$\ce{Al(s)}$	solid	0	0	28.3	CODATA 1989
Silicon	$\ce{Si(s)}$	solid	0	0	18.81	CODATA 1989
Titanium	$\ce{Ti(s)}$	solid	0	0	30.72	CODATA 1989
Chromium	$\ce{Cr(s)}$	solid	0	0	23.77	NBS 1982
Manganese	$\ce{Mn(s)}$	solid	0	0	32.01	NBS 1982
Iron	$\ce{Fe(s)}$	solid	0	0	27.28	NBS 1982
Nickel	$\ce{Ni(s)}$	solid	0	0	29.87	NBS 1982
Copper	$\ce{Cu(s)}$	solid	0	0	33.15	CODATA 1989
Zinc	$\ce{Zn(s)}$	solid	0	0	41.63	CODATA 1989
Silver	$\ce{Ag(s)}$	solid	0	0	42.55	CODATA 1989
Tin (white)	$\ce{Sn(s)}$	solid	0	0	51.18	CODATA 1989
Mercury	$\ce{Hg(l)}$	liquid	0	0	75.9	CODATA 1989
Lead	$\ce{Pb(s)}$	solid	0	0	64.8	CODATA 1989
Diamond (diamond)	$\ce{C(s)}$	solid	1.895	2.9	2.377	NBS 1982
Ozone	$\ce{O3(g)}$	gas	142.7	163.2	238.9	NBS 1982
Bromine vapour	$\ce{Br2(g)}$	gas	30.91	3.11	245.47	CODATA 1989
Iodine vapour	$\ce{I2(g)}$	gas	62.42	19.33	260.69	CODATA 1989
Hydrogen atom	$\ce{H(g)}$	gas	217.998	203.25	114.717	CODATA 1989
Carbon atom	$\ce{C(g)}$	gas	716.68	671.26	158.1	CODATA 1989
Nitrogen atom	$\ce{N(g)}$	gas	472.68	455.5	153.301	CODATA 1989
Oxygen atom	$\ce{O(g)}$	gas	249.18	231.7	161.059	CODATA 1989
Fluorine atom	$\ce{F(g)}$	gas	79.38	62.3	158.751	CODATA 1989
Chlorine atom	$\ce{Cl(g)}$	gas	121.301	105.3	165.19	CODATA 1989
Bromine atom	$\ce{Br(g)}$	gas	111.87	82.4	175.018	CODATA 1989
Iodine atom	$\ce{I(g)}$	gas	106.76	70.2	180.787	CODATA 1989
Sulfur atom	$\ce{S(g)}$	gas	277.17	236.7	167.829	CODATA 1989
Water	$\ce{H2O(l)}$	liquid	−285.83	−237.14	69.95	CODATA 1989
Water vapour	$\ce{H2O(g)}$	gas	−241.826	−228.61	188.835	CODATA 1989
Hydrogen peroxide	$\ce{H2O2(l)}$	liquid	−187.78	−120.35	109.6	NBS 1982
Hydrogen peroxide vapour	$\ce{H2O2(g)}$	gas	−136.3	−105.6	232.7	NBS 1982
Carbon monoxide	$\ce{CO(g)}$	gas	−110.53	−137.17	197.66	CODATA 1989
Carbon dioxide	$\ce{CO2(g)}$	gas	−393.51	−394.36	213.785	CODATA 1989
Methane	$\ce{CH4(g)}$	gas	−74.6	−50.5	186.3	CRC 97th
Ethane	$\ce{C2H6(g)}$	gas	−84	−32	229.2	CRC 97th
Ethene	$\ce{C2H4(g)}$	gas	52.4	68.4	219.3	CRC 97th
Ethyne (acetylene)	$\ce{C2H2(g)}$	gas	227.4	209.9	200.9	CRC 97th
Propane	$\ce{C3H8(g)}$	gas	−103.8	−23.4	270.3	CRC 97th
Butane	$\ce{C4H10(g)}$	gas	−126.15	−17.03	310.23	NBS 1982
Octane	$\ce{C8H18(l)}$	liquid	−250.1	6.6	361.1	CRC 97th ※
Benzene	$\ce{C6H6(l)}$	liquid	49.1	124.5	173.4	CRC 97th
Benzene vapour	$\ce{C6H6(g)}$	gas	82.9	129.7	269.2	CRC 97th
Cyclohexane vapour	$\ce{C6H12(g)}$	gas	−123.4	31.7	298.4	CRC 97th ※
Methanol	$\ce{CH3OH(l)}$	liquid	−239.2	−166.6	126.8	CRC 97th
Methanol vapour	$\ce{CH3OH(g)}$	gas	−201	−162.3	239.9	CRC 97th
Ethanol	$\ce{C2H5OH(l)}$	liquid	−277.6	−174.8	160.7	CRC 97th
Ethanol vapour	$\ce{C2H5OH(g)}$	gas	−234.8	−167.9	281.6	CRC 97th
Acetic acid	$\ce{CH3COOH(l)}$	liquid	−484.3	−389.9	159.8	CRC 97th
Glucose (α-D)	$\ce{C6H12O6(s)}$	solid	−1273.3	−909	212.1	CRC 97th ※
Sucrose	$\ce{C12H22O11(s)}$	solid	−2222.1	−1544	360.2	NBS 1982 ※
Benzoic acid	$\ce{C6H5COOH(s)}$	solid	−385.2	−245.1	167.6	CRC 97th ※
Naphthalene	$\ce{C10H8(s)}$	solid	78.5	201.6	167.4	CRC 97th
Hydrogen cyanide	$\ce{HCN(g)}$	gas	135.1	124.7	201.8	CRC 97th
Ammonia	$\ce{NH3(g)}$	gas	−45.94	−16.4	192.77	CODATA 1989
Nitrogen monoxide	$\ce{NO(g)}$	gas	91.3	87.6	210.8	CRC 97th
Nitrogen dioxide	$\ce{NO2(g)}$	gas	33.2	51.3	240.1	CRC 97th
Dinitrogen tetroxide	$\ce{N2O4(g)}$	gas	9.16	97.89	304.29	NBS 1982
Dinitrogen monoxide	$\ce{N2O(g)}$	gas	81.6	103.7	220	CRC 97th
Nitric acid	$\ce{HNO3(l)}$	liquid	−174.1	−80.7	155.6	NBS 1982
Hydrazine	$\ce{N2H4(l)}$	liquid	50.6	149.3	121.2	NBS 1982
Sulfur dioxide	$\ce{SO2(g)}$	gas	−296.81	−300.1	248.223	CODATA 1989
Sulfur trioxide	$\ce{SO3(g)}$	gas	−395.7	−371.1	256.8	NBS 1982
Hydrogen sulfide	$\ce{H2S(g)}$	gas	−20.6	−33.4	205.81	CODATA 1989
Sulfuric acid	$\ce{H2SO4(l)}$	liquid	−814	−690	156.9	NBS 1982
Hydrogen fluoride	$\ce{HF(g)}$	gas	−273.3	−275.4	173.779	CODATA 1989
Hydrogen chloride	$\ce{HCl(g)}$	gas	−92.31	−95.3	186.902	CODATA 1989
Hydrogen bromide	$\ce{HBr(g)}$	gas	−36.29	−53.4	198.7	CODATA 1989
Hydrogen iodide	$\ce{HI(g)}$	gas	26.5	1.7	206.59	CODATA 1989
Lithium oxide	$\ce{Li2O(s)}$	solid	−597.9	−561.2	37.57	CODATA 1989
Sodium oxide	$\ce{Na2O(s)}$	solid	−414.2	−375.5	75.1	CRC 97th
Magnesium oxide	$\ce{MgO(s)}$	solid	−601.6	−569.3	26.95	CODATA 1989
Calcium oxide (lime)	$\ce{CaO(s)}$	solid	−634.92	−603.3	38.1	CODATA 1989
Aluminium oxide (corundum)	$\ce{Al2O3(s)}$	solid	−1675.7	−1582.3	50.92	CODATA 1989
Silicon dioxide (α-quartz)	$\ce{SiO2(s)}$	solid	−910.7	−856.3	41.46	CODATA 1989
Titanium dioxide (rutile)	$\ce{TiO2(s)}$	solid	−944	−888.8	50.62	CODATA 1989
Chromium(III) oxide	$\ce{Cr2O3(s)}$	solid	−1139.7	−1058.1	81.2	NBS 1982
Manganese(II) oxide	$\ce{MnO(s)}$	solid	−385.2	−362.9	59.71	NBS 1982
Iron(II) oxide	$\ce{FeO(s)}$	solid	−272	−251.4	60.75	NIST-JANAF
Iron(III) oxide (haematite)	$\ce{Fe2O3(s)}$	solid	−824.2	−742.2	87.4	NBS 1982
Iron(II,III) oxide (magnetite)	$\ce{Fe3O4(s)}$	solid	−1118.4	−1015.4	146.4	NBS 1982
Nickel(II) oxide	$\ce{NiO(s)}$	solid	−239.7	−211.7	37.99	NBS 1982
Copper(I) oxide	$\ce{Cu2O(s)}$	solid	−168.6	−146	93.14	NBS 1982
Copper(II) oxide	$\ce{CuO(s)}$	solid	−157.3	−129.7	42.63	NBS 1982
Zinc oxide	$\ce{ZnO(s)}$	solid	−350.46	−320.5	43.65	CODATA 1989
Silver oxide	$\ce{Ag2O(s)}$	solid	−31.05	−11.2	121.3	NBS 1982
Tin(IV) oxide	$\ce{SnO2(s)}$	solid	−577.63	−515.8	49.04	CODATA 1989
Mercury(II) oxide (red)	$\ce{HgO(s)}$	solid	−90.83	−58.54	70.29	NBS 1982
Lead(II) oxide (red, litharge)	$\ce{PbO(s)}$	solid	−219	−188.9	66.5	NBS 1982
Sodium chloride	$\ce{NaCl(s)}$	solid	−411.153	−384.138	72.13	NBS 1982
Potassium chloride	$\ce{KCl(s)}$	solid	−436.747	−409.14	82.59	NBS 1982
Sodium hydroxide	$\ce{NaOH(s)}$	solid	−425.609	−379.494	64.455	NBS 1982
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)	$\ce{Ca(OH)2(s)}$	solid	−986.09	−898.49	83.39	NBS 1982
Calcium carbonate (calcite)	$\ce{CaCO3(s)}$	solid	−1207.6	−1129.1	91.7	CRC 97th
Magnesium carbonate (magnesite)	$\ce{MgCO3(s)}$	solid	−1095.8	−1012.1	65.7	NBS 1982
Calcium chloride	$\ce{CaCl2(s)}$	solid	−795.8	−748.1	104.6	NBS 1982
Ammonium chloride	$\ce{NH4Cl(s)}$	solid	−314.43	−202.87	94.6	NBS 1982
Ammonium nitrate	$\ce{NH4NO3(s)}$	solid	−365.56	−183.87	151.08	NBS 1982
Potassium nitrate	$\ce{KNO3(s)}$	solid	−494.63	−394.86	133.1	NBS 1982
Copper(II) sulfate	$\ce{CuSO4(s)}$	solid	−771.36	−661.8	109	NBS 1982
Silver chloride	$\ce{AgCl(s)}$	solid	−127.068	−109.789	96.2	NBS 1982
Hydrogen ion	$\ce{H+(aq)}$	aqueous	0	0	0	NBS 1982
Hydroxide ion	$\ce{OH-(aq)}$	aqueous	−229.994	−157.244	−10.75	NBS 1982
Sodium ion	$\ce{Na+(aq)}$	aqueous	−240.12	−261.905	59	NBS 1982
Potassium ion	$\ce{K+(aq)}$	aqueous	−252.38	−283.27	102.5	NBS 1982
Ammonium ion	$\ce{NH4+(aq)}$	aqueous	−132.51	−79.31	113.4	NBS 1982
Magnesium ion	$\ce{Mg^2+(aq)}$	aqueous	−466.85	−454.8	−138.1	NBS 1982
Calcium ion	$\ce{Ca^2+(aq)}$	aqueous	−542.83	−553.58	−53.1	NBS 1982
Iron(II) ion	$\ce{Fe^2+(aq)}$	aqueous	−89.1	−78.9	−137.7	NBS 1982
Iron(III) ion	$\ce{Fe^3+(aq)}$	aqueous	−48.5	−4.7	−315.9	NBS 1982
Copper(II) ion	$\ce{Cu^2+(aq)}$	aqueous	64.77	65.49	−99.6	NBS 1982
Zinc ion	$\ce{Zn^2+(aq)}$	aqueous	−153.89	−147.06	−112.1	NBS 1982
Silver ion	$\ce{Ag+(aq)}$	aqueous	105.579	77.107	72.68	NBS 1982
Fluoride ion	$\ce{F-(aq)}$	aqueous	−332.63	−278.79	−13.8	NBS 1982
Chloride ion	$\ce{Cl-(aq)}$	aqueous	−167.159	−131.228	56.5	NBS 1982
Bromide ion	$\ce{Br-(aq)}$	aqueous	−121.55	−103.96	82.4	NBS 1982
Iodide ion	$\ce{I-(aq)}$	aqueous	−55.19	−51.57	111.3	NBS 1982
Nitrate ion	$\ce{NO3-(aq)}$	aqueous	−207.36	−111.25	146.4	NBS 1982
Sulfate ion	$\ce{SO4^2-(aq)}$	aqueous	−909.27	−744.53	20.1	NBS 1982
Carbonate ion	$\ce{CO3^2-(aq)}$	aqueous	−677.14	−527.81	−56.9	NBS 1982
Hydrogencarbonate ion	$\ce{HCO3-(aq)}$	aqueous	−691.99	−586.77	91.2	NBS 1982
Ammonia (aqueous)	$\ce{NH3(aq)}$	aqueous	−80.29	−26.5	111.3	NBS 1982
Carbon dioxide (aqueous)	$\ce{CO2(aq)}$	aqueous	−413.8	−385.98	117.6	NBS 1982

Standard pressure p° = 1 bar; aqueous ions are referenced to H⁺(aq) = 0 at a standard molality of 1 mol/kg. Every row satisfies ΔfG° ≈ ΔfH° − TΔfS° (a unit test checks it to within 1 kJ/mol); rows marked ※ have no independent ΔfG° in the source and use that relation. Different handbooks can differ by a few tenths to a few kJ/mol.

Sources

J. D. Cox, D. D. Wagman, V. A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere (1989).
D. D. Wagman et al., “The NBS tables of chemical thermodynamic properties”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 11, Suppl. 2 (1982).
W. M. Haynes (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 97th ed. (2016), “Standard thermodynamic properties of chemical substances”.
M. W. Chase, NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph 9 (1998).

Sources

Used in these lessons